变压器的电热特性决定了其负载能力和可用寿命，过高热点温度加速绝缘系统热老化，造成其可用寿命减少。以一台油浸式变压器为例进行研究，通过在其绕组内部植入光纤测温探头，测量分析在额定工况下高、低压绕组热点温度的分布特征。根据变压器技术参数，建立其仿真计算模型，结合实际温升试验，研究不同短路故障在2 s时间内高、低压绕组热点温度随时间和环境温度变化规律。研究结果表明：变压器出口短路故障与温升试验条件下的绕组热点温度分布规律不同，在出口短路故障的短时间内，高、低压绕组最高温度随短路时间呈线性升高，而顶层油温几乎保持不变。随着环境温度升高，变压器绕组热点温度呈线性增长，对变压器安全运行构成严重威胁。

The electrical and thermal characteristics of a transformer determine its load capacity and usable life, and excessive hot spot temperature accelerates the thermal aging of the insulation system, resulting in a reduction of its usable life. Taking an oil-immersed transformer as an example for research, by implanting fiber-optic temperature measurement probes inside the windings, the distribution characteristics of hot spot temperatures of high and low-voltage windings are measured and analyzed under rated operating conditions. According to the technical parameters of the transformer, the simulation calculation model is established, combined with the actual temperature rise test, to study the hot spot temperature of high and low voltage winding with time and ambient temperature change rule during different short-circuit faults within 2 Seconds. The results show that: transformer outlet short circuit fault and temperature rise test conditions of the winding hot spot temperature distribution law are different, in the outlet short circuit fault within a short period of time, high, low-voltage winding temperature with the short-circuit time of the highest temperature are a linear increase, while the top layer of the oil temperature is almost unchanged. With the rise of ambient temperature, the transformer winding hot spot temperature increases linearly, posing a serious threat to the safe operation of the transformer.