强电磁脉冲上升时间短，场强峰值大，通过与线缆的强耦合作用传播至电力设备，对设备造成损伤。为探究强电磁脉冲与一次设备的耦合效应，建立了强电磁脉冲传导环境，搭建了氧化锌避雷器、玻璃绝缘子和配电变压器的等效电路模型，通过仿真计算获得了强电磁脉冲环境下各设备端口电压和电流。结果表明，强电磁脉冲耦合架空线产生的末端电压波形进入典型一次设备后，在端口接保护电阻时避雷器、绝缘子和变压器的电压和电流仍为脉冲波形，但是前沿变缓，脉宽增大；在无保护电阻时绝缘子串表面会在闪络后形成流注，此时等效阻抗由容性转变为感性，导致接地电流持续振荡，发生闪络时电压、电流幅值迅速减小；变压器端口电压和对地电流在不接入保护电阻时均为振荡波形，并逐渐衰减为0。

A strong electromagnetic pulse (EMP) has a short rise time and high peak field strength, propagating to electrical equipment through strong coupling with cables, thereby causing damage. To investigate the coupling effect of strong EMPs on primary equipment, a conductive EMP environment is established, and equivalent circuit models for zinc oxide surge arresters, glass insulators, and distribution transformers are constructed. Through simulation, the port voltages and currents of each device under strong EMP conditions are obtained. The results indicate that when the terminal voltage waveform generated by the coupling of strong EMPs with overhead lines enters typical primary equipment, the voltages and currents of the surge arrester, insulator, and transformer remain as pulse waveforms when a protective resistor is connected at the port. However, the leading edge becomes slower, and the pulse width increases. Without a protective resistor, streamers form on the surface of the insulator string after flashover, causing the equivalent impedance to shift from capacitive to inductive, leading to sustained oscillations in the ground current. During flashover, the voltage and current amplitudes rapidly decrease. The transformer′s port voltage and ground current without a protective resistor both exhibit oscillatory waveforms, gradually decaying to zero.