In view of the insufficient consideration of voltage quality in the current operation efficiency evaluation process, a method for evaluating the operation efficiency of distribution system considering the temporal and spatial characteristics of the load is proposed. First, on the basis of clarifying the definition of the operation efficiency of the distribution system, the evaluation index system for the operation efficiency of the distribution system is constructed from the perspective of equipment utilization; Secondly, the influence mechanism of factors such as power supply quality, network structure and load temporal and spatial characteristics on the reasonable load rate of power distribution equipment is explored; Finally, based on the analysis of various influencing factors, a reasonable load rate calculation method for power distribution equipment is proposed. The research results can evaluate the current status of the distribution system and provide a reference for the key directions of future distribution system investment planning.